This book presents and describes the various uses of gastric bypass in bariatric and metabolic surgery and outlines the different techniques currently available. Furthermore, the possible complications with the procedure and ways to avoid them are also discussed. The use of the gastric bypass for the treatment of diabetes is emphasized and the new indications for the operative treatment of diabetes are featured in detail. Endoscopic uses concerning the gastric bypass are also addressed, covering preoperative evaluation, complications treatment, weight regain treatment and endoscopic treatment of obesity. The most advanced techniques and new technologies available for performing gastric bypass surgeries are presented in the most didactic possible way, making use of value-added learning features throughout the text.Gastric Bypass - Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Perspectives is intended as a practical guide for all those interested and involved with bariatric surgery, including general surgeons, bariatric surgeons, GI surgeons and surgery residents.

Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is neurological disorder. It exhibits genetic heterogeneity. The genes identified in MCPH are Microcephalin gene at MCPH1 locus, WDR62 at MCPH2, CDK5RAP2 gene at MCPH3 locus, CEP152 at MCPH4, ASPM at MCPH5 locus, CENPJ at MCPH6 locus and STIL/SIL at MCPH7 locus. The objective of this study was to identify families from Punjab and to perform homozygosity mapping and DNA sequencing for mutation detection. We reported c.3978G>A; p.W1326X mutation in ASPM gene of MCPH families from Punjab. This is the most prevalent gene investigated for mutations in Pakistan. The identification of common mutation in ASPM gene in families with primary microcephaly analyzed in this study from Punjab and several other families of an apparently different ethnic group (Pashtun) revealed most probable involvement of common ancestry for this variant in these MCPH families. Further data should be explored so that centres for genetic counseling could be established to guide the people for avoiding blood relation marraiges.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease caused by the abnormal growth and development of early non-granular white blood cells, or lymphoblasts. ALL occurs predominantly in children, peaking at 4 years of age. Interferons (IFNs) are the biological agents involved in the antiviral responses and the inhibition of tumor growth. In oncology, the IFNs are an important treatment options for a number of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The IFN- 1gene consists of 840 bp and it lacks intron sequences. Seventy patients suffering from Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia were studied and analyzed for mutation analysis of IFN- 1. So, 58.3% of the patients suffering from ALL were observed and compared with 41.7% normal DNA samples as control. PCR was performed and amplified gene products were detected on agarose gel and PAGE. Finally, SSCP was performed and mobility shift was observed in 7 out of 70 ALL samples. We observed that ALL disease typically develops in children ages 1-10 years old and is more prevalent in males than females. Mutation in the IFN- 1 gene was significantly related to 1-5 years in case of association of mutation with age.

Risks of nuclear terrorism and blackmailing have increased significantly in recent years mainly because of three factors: the growth and spread of nuclear weapons, the expansion of civilian nuclear programs and the increase in extremist religious and political groups waging campaigns of terror. The growing danger encompasses much of the world. Lax or inadequate security over nuclear materials and weapons in one country could be exploited to trigger atomic blackmail and terrorism elsewhere. Inadequate security at nuclear facilities also could provide extremists waging a campaign of terror within a nation, an opportunity to create a situation of national terror by seizing or sabotaging a civilian nuclear power plant or a research reactor or a laboratory. These threats are alarming and should be calculated as credible sources of emerging trends in terrorism. The general field of interest within which this study is located is nuclear terrorism with a particular focus on possible scenarios such as the theft of fissile material, dirty bombs etc. The main geographical area to be focused on is Pakistan although the study will also refer to terrorist organizations pursuing WMDs.

Cancer is an un-control growth of cells. Cancer cells grow in an abnormal fashion, crowd out the normal cells. Liver is the largest organ inside the body; hepatocellular carcinoma is a cancer arising from liver. Laryngeal cancer affects the larynx, which is often called voice box, common in males. Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in the world, leading cause of death from cancer in men. Multiple gene mutations are involved in cancer pathology. Type I interferons (IFN, IFN, IFN ) are the proteins involved in cell signaling and growth. This study was conducted to determine whether mutation in IFN 1 plays a significant role in liver, larynx and lung cancer. Paraffin embedded tissues of liver, larynx and lung were used for DNA isolation. SSCP technique was used to detect mutation. Only two samples of lung carcinoma shows the mobility shift on SSCP gel. It was observed that people in older age have more chances of cancer. In general population, males are more prone to larynx and lung cancer than female. Significant values were observed (p

Ontology development is a systematic technique to represent the existing and new knowledge about a specific domain by using some models to present the system in which conceptualization is involved. This book presents the use of ontology to formally represent ontology-based competence model for potential users of quality registry report in a health care organization. The model describes the professional and occupational interests and needs of the users through structuring and describing their skills and qualifications. There are two main parts of our competence model: general competence and occupational competence. The model is implemented in protegee 4.0. Although our competence model gives the general view about all medical areas in a hospital, from implementation point of view, we have considered only Cardiology area in detail. A user can get information about the patient and specific disease with treatment tips by using various organizational resources: i.e. quality registries, medical reports and online journals. Our model also provides a support of information filtering which filters the information according to the need and the competencies of the users.

Das Fasten im Monat Ramadan ist eine der funf "Saulen" des islamischen Glaubens. Es bedarf keiner Beweisfuhrung, dass das Fasten eine islamische Pflicht ist und dass aus der islamischen Gemeinschaft austritt, wer dies leugnet, denn es ist so offenkundig wie das Gebet. Und in Anbetracht einer Sache, die so eindeutig klar ist, haben Gelehrte und Ungebildete, Alte und Junge die gleiche Haltung.........